The stages in progressive evolution of sori can be depicted as follows. Sorus and these leaves, bearing sporangia, are known as sporophylls. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Life forms of pteridophyta, their origin and evolution. Pteridophytes have a long geological history on our planet. The vegetative reproduction is also a common type of reproduction in the pteridophytes. Sporangia groups together to form sorus sing sorus soral evolution. Full text pdf online international interdisciplinary research journal.
This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered as an important step in evolution. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. Phloem conducts sucrose and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Primitive siphonostele protostele with central pith. As the first true land plants, they offer a very favourable material for the study of various adaptations that have made the colonization of land possible for the plants. Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes.
A sorus in which all the sporangia originate, grow and mature at the same time e. Structure, development and evolution of sorus in filicales. In some red algae, it may take the form of depression into the thallus. Ferns are unique and have potential use, such as materials for. Copeland 1937 thus noted that hymenophyllum is even less homogeneous than trichomanes. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants. In some pteridophytes the sporangia develop on stems i. The pteridophytes reproduce both by the vegetative and sexual methods vegetative reproduction. What can happen if its not installed correctly cbc marketplace duration. Mar 23, 2018 the pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. Gymnosperms a general account of the characteristic features of gymnosperms. They are preserved in the form of fossils or coal deposits. Pteridophytes general characteristics general characters of pteridophytes the vascular cryptogams pteridophytes are plants with feather like leaves. Publication date 1950 topics pteridophyta, karyokinesis publisher.
The pteridophytes reproduce both by the vegetative and sexual methods. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet salvinia molesta and mosquito ferns azolla species. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term or sensu lato, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. These kinds of species were believed to spread widely in indonesia regions.
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores. When sori develop on the leaves of house ferns, they are often mistaken for tiny. Tumbuhan paku pteridophyta adalah kelompok plantae yang tubuhnya sudah berbentuk kormus atau sudah memiliki bagian akar, batang, dan daun sejati. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. In lichens and other fungi, the sorus is surrounded by an external layer. Compared to water, land is an erratic habitat where temperature and moisture availability may change abruptly and dramatically. Request pdf development of the sorus in tree ferns. Studies of soral development in the treefern family dicksoniaceae in comparison with the cyatheaceae led to 1 recognition of two basic patterns in the dicksoniaceae, 2 clarification of marginal versus superficial sori and their indusia in tree ferns, and 3 phylogenetic interpretations. The next step in the evolution of the sorus is the mixed sorus mixtae. Pteridophytes are cryptogams with welldeveloped vascular system.
The megaspore and microspore germinate to give rise female and male gametophyte respectively. Pteridophytes constitute a significant and important group in the plant kingdom. The true indusium is a separate and unique formation, the structural origins of which are not clear, that constitutes a more or less papery covering over the sorus. Most of the pteridophytes ferns and fernallies show their luxuriant and vigorous growth during the rainy season particularly in the hilly regions usually above 1400 m altitude. O stele is the central cylinder or core of vascular tissue in higher plants. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. Hand in hand with the reduction in size of single sporangia are seen more and more complex aggregations of sporangia known as sori. Problems of cytology and evolution in the pteridophyta by manton, i. Such a structure must have equally given rise to the synangium of marattia and the sorus of matonia, to the sporange of lepidostrobus, the sporangiophore of equisetum and the synangium of. Seed bearing plants have been prominent in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems from the paleozoic era to today. For a better understanding of the content, we first give a brief introduction of the diversity and classification of gymnosperms. Although the evolution of these pathways is poorly understood, possible phenolic precursors have been detected in charophycean algae4,31, and elements of auxin metabolism have been recognized in mosses and hornworts49.
By assembling and analyzing the most inclusive molecular dataset for leptosporangiate ferns to date, i provide unprecedented insight into overall fern. The initial cells of the marginal meristem give rise to the soral receptacle in both groups of dicksoniaceous genera. How can one merge two species of bamboo to create a new. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. Evolution and biogeography of gymnosperms sciencedirect. They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods on soral evolution. Sporangium and sorus the number of spores produced per sporangium ranges from 16 or 32 in some pteridophytes to more a type of chemical process. Karyotype and genome evolution in pteridophytes springerlink.
Aug 23, 2012 nakazato t, barker ms, rieseberg lh, gastony gj 2008 evolution of the nuclear genome of ferns and lycophytes. Extant pteridophytes are cosmopolitan but are much better represented in the humid tropics, with only a few families e. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. Paku pteridophyta tumbuhan paku adalah tumbuhan darat tertua yang ada sejak zaman devon dan karbon. Evolution and biogeography of gymnosperms request pdf. Ranker ta, haufler ch eds biology and evolution of ferns and lycophytes.
They are the first evolved plant group with vascular tissue system for the conduction of water and food materials. The more primitive ferns are called eusporangiate ferns and their sori are made up of a clump of simple sporangia that release their spores by opening up a pore or slit see first pic. Already on the origin of plant lineage, we still have no safe dating for the endosymbiotic event, i. Cibotium, dicksonia, dicksoniaceae, sorus, tree ferns. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom. Pteridophytes are a group of primitive land plants belongs to the cryptogams. On the basis of maturity of the sporangia, the sori are of three types. The young and old sporangia are indiscriminately mixed. Basic types of steles protostele central xylem, surrounding phloem. All pteridophytes have a true alternation of generations, in which a dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, and a freeliving gametophyte generation forms gametes egg and sperm by mitosis. Even today, many tribal communities and rural populations are dependent heavily upon the natural resources obtained from the surrounding forest regions for treatment of various ailments and diseases.
Or the sporangia usually occur in clusters called sori or sorus,found on the underside fertile leaves. The cyatheaceae have a single, abaxial indusium proximal to the sorus at maturity, or none. It helps to increase the number of population under unfavourable conditions also. Nevertheless, this variability does not provide reliable characters for the systematics of the genus, and.
It turns out that this is a trickier question to answer than i thought. Jan 23, 2017 reproduction the sporophytes reproduce by spores which are produced within sporangia. In which of the following group would you place a plant which produces spores. Introduction all modern terrestrial plants are the descendants of algae that adapted to a terrestrial habitat roughly 500 million years ago. But trust me the first thing that you notice is the abundant foliage of fern plants. Phylogenetic studies predict that early land plants were small and morphologically simple, and this hypothesis is borne out by. Pteridophyta sporeproducing vascular plants 2 no transcript 3 ferns sporeproducing vascular plants 4 ferns are sporeproducing vascular plants that have true leaves, roots, and stems. Stelar evolution in pteridophytes, heterospory and origin of seed habit. With the commencement of monsoon about mid june, the ferns and fernallies start growing vigourously and luxuriantly. Pteridophyta teridafata os made from two greek roots that mean winged pteryz.
Usually a fern is defined as a cryptogam with sporangia evolving from the leaf. According to these theories the evolution in bryophytes is as follows. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body joilethbwinmi. This video throws light on introduction, habit and habitat, types of leaves,vasculature, reproduction and types, development of sporangia, types of sorus. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Problems of cytology and evolution in the pteridophyta. Pteridophytes general characteristics easybiologyclass.
Apr 10, 2006 another way you can look at sorus evolution is to consider the sporangia. Such a sorus is an aggregation of old and young sporangia that occur mixed and show no regular arrangement in a sorus. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively. Another way you can look at sorus evolution is to consider the sporangia. The following separation of the main growth forms of pteridophyta is proposed. Many aspects of difficult interpretation exist in the phylogenetic history of land plants. A widespread type of indusium among members of the family cyatheaceae is one shaped like a cup, which arises around the base of the sorus, often enclosing the sorus until the sporangia are mature e. Development of the sorus in tree ferns university of vermont. The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. Lloyd in flowering plants many of the diverse characteristics utilized in systematics to determine phylogenetic relationships represent direct adaptations to specific methods of pollination or reproduction. Preliminary studies of soral morphogenesis in some cyatheaceous genera indicate that abaxial derivatives originate the sorus.
Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom. In most published or publicly available documents on ferns, the focus is most often on fern identification, human interactions and uses, and on fern biology evolution, life cycle and reproduction see crazy facts. There are two theories regarding evolution of bryophytes. Pteridophytes were dominant land plants during the carboniferous era and a major source of todays coal and oil. The pteridophytes evolved in the silurian period and subsequently got. If the pteridophyta are monophyletic it would appear that their ancestors possessed a generalized type of sporangiophore. A comparative assessment of the sori in selected pteridophytes. Sporophylls the leaves that bear sporangia are known as sporophylls. Another difference between pterophyta and higher plants is that many species belonging to the pterophyta have a vegetative 1 sorus plural sori. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Stelar evolution in vascular plants origin and evolution of stele in pteridophytes and higher plants what is stele. At first you see forms vaguely resembling ferns and bit by bit the image becomes sharper. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants.
They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods. You have been provided with a set of plates of fungi isolated from a diseased leaf, one chytridiomycota, one zygomycota, one ascomycota and one basidiomycota. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. It is also advantageous since it can produce large number of individuals which are genetically identical too. Banyak sporangium terkumpul dalam satu wadah yang disebut sorus, yang dilindungi oleh suatu selaput indusium. The pteridophytes ferns and fern allies pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds tertium organum pdf portugues, roots and sometimes true stems. The meristematic areathe region of new cell growththat produces them may continue its activities over a number of weeks, producing sporangia of all ages, older ones being pushed aside as new ones mature in their turn. Sumita, assistant professor, department of botany, pggc11, chandigarh. Pteridophyta pengertian, ciri, klasifikasi, struktur, contoh.
A first checklist of the pteridophytes of togo west africa. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. Springer anton i 1950 problems of cytology and evolution in the pter. But we do not get, nor should we expect, an exact parallelism in the evolution of these two sets of organs. Natural selction and evidence of evolution keylime12 30 terms. Pengertian tumbuhan paku pteridophyta tumbuhan paku pteridophyta berasal dari kata yunani yaitu pteron artinya bulu, dan phyton artinya tumbuhan.
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